SMED changeover study: measure last good to first good
Use a time observation sheet to separate internal and external work, preserve safe setup steps, and verify a repeatable changeover improvement.
Internal setup
Changeover work that requires the equipment to be stopped.
Distinguish work that physically requires the stop from preparation that can be performed beforehand under an approved procedure. Moving a task externally must preserve isolation, validation and other required checks. Record concurrent tasks so labor minutes are not mistaken for elapsed downtime. The SMED sheet provides fields for this observation.
See also: External setup · SMED · Changeover
Use the concept: Cp, Cpk, Pp & Ppk calculator · Downtime log template · MTBF, MTTR & availability calculator
In depth
Takt time vs cycle time vs lead time: calculate the right clock
A worked shift example separates customer pace, observed process speed and end-to-end delivery time, with practical checks before changing the line.
Automation ROI and payback: a business case operations can verify
Separate installed cost, cash savings, released capacity and recurring expenses, then test a conservative scenario before approving automation.