{
 "updated": "2026-09-23",
 "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
 "terms": [
  {
   "term": "800xA (ABB)",
   "slug": "abb-800xa",
   "short": "ABB's flagship distributed control system.",
   "long": "ABB's flagship DCS (System 800xA): redundant AC 800M controllers, unified operations workplace, batch, historian, asset optimization, and SIL-rated safety options for large process plants.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/abb-800xa/",
   "see": [
    "dcs",
    "freelance"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "dcs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "AGV",
   "slug": "agv",
   "short": "Vehicle that follows fixed paths via floor tape, wire, or reflectors.",
   "long": "An AGV (automated guided vehicle) follows fixed guidance infrastructure such as magnetic tape, buried wire, or reflectors. Compare with AMRs, which navigate autonomously.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/agv/",
   "see": [
    "amr",
    "robotics"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "amr-agv"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Alarm management",
   "slug": "alarm-management",
   "short": "Lifecycle discipline for useful, actionable process alarms.",
   "long": "The disciplined lifecycle for alarms: rationalize each alarm, set priority and limits, design the response, monitor nuisance rates, and manage changes. ISA-18.2 and IEC 62682 provide the main guidance.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/alarm-management/",
   "see": [
    "isa-18-2",
    "scada",
    "hmi"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "AMR",
   "slug": "amr",
   "short": "Mobile robot that plans its own paths using onboard sensing.",
   "long": "An AMR (autonomous mobile robot) navigates with onboard sensing \u2014 typically lidar SLAM plus safety scanners \u2014 planning its own paths around obstacles. Fleet software assigns goals and traffic rules. Compare with AGVs, which follow fixed infrastructure.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/amr/",
   "see": [
    "agv",
    "ros"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "amr-agv"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Andon system",
   "slug": "andon-system",
   "short": "Visual signal for production status and immediate help.",
   "long": "A visual or electronic production signal that shows line status and calls for help when a quality, material, or equipment problem needs attention. The goal is fast response and problem visibility, not merely a status light.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/andon-system/",
   "see": [
    "oee",
    "takt-time"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Asset performance management (APM)",
   "slug": "asset-performance-management",
   "short": "Reliability and lifecycle strategy for industrial assets.",
   "long": "Asset performance management (APM) combines asset criticality, reliability, condition data, maintenance strategy, and operating context to improve uptime, risk, and lifecycle cost. It is broader than a CMMS work-order system.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/asset-performance-management/",
   "see": [
    "cmms",
    "condition-monitoring",
    "predictive-maintenance"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "AutomationML",
   "slug": "automationml",
   "short": "Vendor-neutral plant engineering data exchange format.",
   "long": "An open data format for exchanging plant engineering data \u2014 topology, geometry, logic, behavior \u2014 between different vendors' tools across the plant lifecycle.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/automationml/",
   "see": [
    "digital-twin",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "digital-twin"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "B2MML",
   "slug": "b2mml",
   "short": "ISA-95 XML schemas for ERP-to-MES information exchange.",
   "long": "Business To Manufacturing Markup Language: XML schemas that implement ISA-95 information models for exchanging schedules, definitions, production capability, performance, and other ERP-to-MES data.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/b2mml/",
   "see": [
    "isa-95",
    "mes-integration"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Batch process",
   "slug": "batch-process",
   "short": "Production in discrete recipe-driven quantities.",
   "long": "Production in discrete quantities (batches, lots) following a recipe: mixing, reacting, filling. ISA-88 standardizes batch control models and terminology.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/batch-process/",
   "see": [
    "isa-88",
    "continuous-process"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Birth certificate (Sparkplug)",
   "slug": "birth-certificate",
   "short": "Sparkplug self-description published on connect; death certificate on disconnect.",
   "long": "In Sparkplug B, the NBIRTH/DBIRTH messages an edge node or device publishes on connect, listing every metric it will send with datatypes and current values. Paired with death certificates (NDEATH/DDEATH) published by the broker if the session drops, they give the system state awareness without polling.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/birth-certificate/",
   "see": [
    "sparkplug-b",
    "mqtt",
    "store-and-forward"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "sparkplug-b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Brownfield",
   "slug": "brownfield",
   "short": "Existing plant or system that new tech must integrate with.",
   "long": "An existing facility or system that new technology must integrate with \u2014 legacy controllers, undocumented networks, running production. The opposite of greenfield (new build). Most industrial digitalization is brownfield work.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/brownfield/",
   "see": [
    "edge-gateway",
    "modbus"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "CAN bus",
   "slug": "can-bus",
   "short": "Robust multi-master serial bus used inside machines and devices.",
   "long": "Controller Area Network: a message-oriented, multi-master serial bus with arbitration by message identifier, strong error detection, and short frames. It is common inside machines, vehicles, drives, and embedded controllers.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/can-bus/",
   "see": [
    "canopen",
    "fieldbus"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "CANopen",
   "slug": "canopen",
   "short": "CAN-based device and motion-control protocol.",
   "long": "An application-layer protocol and device profile family built on CAN, with standardized object dictionaries, process data objects, service data objects, and network management. It is used for drives, I/O, encoders, and embedded automation.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/canopen/",
   "see": [
    "can-bus",
    "motion-control"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Changeover",
   "slug": "changeover",
   "short": "Switching a line or machine from one product to another.",
   "long": "The work and elapsed time required to switch a line, machine, recipe, tooling setup, or materials from one product to another. Shorter, repeatable changeovers increase available capacity and flexibility.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/changeover/",
   "see": [
    "oee",
    "takt-time",
    "recipe-management"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "CIP",
   "slug": "cip",
   "short": "Object-based application layer behind EtherNet/IP and DeviceNet.",
   "long": "The Common Industrial Protocol: the object-based application layer shared by EtherNet/IP, DeviceNet, CompoNet, and ControlNet. Devices expose objects with attributes and services, giving multi-vendor consistency. Managed by ODVA.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/cip/",
   "see": [
    "ethernet-ip",
    "odva"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethernet-ip"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "CIP Safety",
   "slug": "cip-safety",
   "short": "Safety protocol extension for CIP networks.",
   "long": "ODVA's safety extension to the Common Industrial Protocol. It carries safety data over standard networks with mechanisms such as time expectations, sequence checks, and redundant validation so a safety function can achieve its required integrity.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/cip-safety/",
   "see": [
    "cip",
    "functional-safety",
    "ethernet-ip"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethernet-ip"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "CMMS",
   "slug": "cmms",
   "short": "Software for maintenance work orders, schedules, and asset history.",
   "long": "Computerized maintenance management system: work orders, preventive schedules, spare parts, and asset history. Where predictive maintenance predictions become scheduled work.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/cmms/",
   "see": [
    "oee",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "CNC",
   "slug": "cnc",
   "short": "Programmed control of machine tools.",
   "long": "Computer numerical control: programmed motion of machine tools (mills, lathes, routers) from G-code. Data integration typically runs through MTConnect agents, OPC UA servers, or vendor APIs.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/cnc/",
   "see": [
    "mtconnect",
    "motion-control"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "cnc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Cobot",
   "slug": "cobot",
   "short": "Robot designed for fenceless work near people, with safety-rated limits.",
   "long": "Collaborative robot designed to work near people with force limiting, speed separation, or monitored stops per ISO/TS 15066. A cobot is not automatically safe \u2014 the full application needs a risk assessment.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/cobot/",
   "see": [
    "robotics",
    "functional-safety"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "robotics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Companion specification",
   "slug": "companion-spec",
   "short": "Domain-specific OPC UA object model (machinery, robotics, instruments\u2026).",
   "long": "An OPC UA extension standardizing object models for a domain \u2014 machinery, robotics, process instruments (PA-DIM), machine tools (UMATI), and dozens more. Clients written against a companion spec interoperate with any compliant server.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/companion-spec/",
   "see": [
    "opc-ua",
    "information-model"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Condition monitoring",
   "slug": "condition-monitoring",
   "short": "Tracking equipment health from physical condition signals.",
   "long": "Measuring asset condition over time using signals such as vibration, temperature, current, oil quality, or acoustic emissions. Trends and thresholds support maintenance decisions before functional failure.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/condition-monitoring/",
   "see": [
    "predictive-maintenance",
    "asset-performance-management",
    "vibration-monitoring"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Continuous process",
   "slug": "continuous-process",
   "short": "Uninterrupted production (refining, chemical, power).",
   "long": "Production that runs without interruption \u2014 refining, chemicals, paper, power \u2014 where steady-state control, advanced process control, and uptime dominate. Typically DCS-controlled.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/continuous-process/",
   "see": [
    "batch-process",
    "dcs"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Control loop",
   "slug": "control-loop",
   "short": "Feedback path from measurement to corrective action.",
   "long": "A feedback path that measures a process variable, compares it with a setpoint, and adjusts a final control element. A loop includes the sensor, controller, output device, process, and tuning; a PID algorithm is common but not required.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/control-loop/",
   "see": [
    "pid-loop",
    "dcs",
    "plc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Cycle time",
   "slug": "cycle-time",
   "short": "Elapsed time to complete one repeatable production cycle.",
   "long": "The elapsed time to complete one repeatable operation or unit cycle, including processing and defined delays. It is a core input to capacity, takt comparison, performance loss, and OEE calculations.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/cycle-time/",
   "see": [
    "oee",
    "takt-time"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Data diode",
   "slug": "data-diode",
   "short": "Hardware-enforced one-way path for high-assurance segmentation.",
   "long": "A hardware-enforced one-way network device that permits data to flow from a higher-risk or lower-trust network to a receiving network while preventing return traffic. It is used where a firewall's bidirectional path is not acceptable.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/data-diode/",
   "see": [
    "zones-conduits",
    "dmz-industrial",
    "iec-62443"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "DCS",
   "slug": "dcs",
   "short": "Integrated control platform for process industries.",
   "long": "A distributed control system spreads control across networked controllers while centralizing engineering, operations graphics, alarming, and history in one integrated environment. Dominant in continuous and large-batch process industries. Flagship examples include ABB 800xA, Emerson DeltaV, and Siemens PCS 7.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/dcs/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "scada",
    "freelance"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "dcs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "DDS",
   "slug": "dds",
   "short": "Pub/sub middleware standard; the transport under ROS 2.",
   "long": "Data Distribution Service: a publish/subscribe middleware standard with rich QoS (reliability, deadlines, durability). ROS 2 uses DDS as its transport, and it appears in military, medical, and some industrial systems.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/dds/",
   "see": [
    "ros",
    "mqtt"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "robotics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Deep packet inspection (DPI)",
   "slug": "deep-packet-inspection",
   "short": "Protocol-aware inspection of industrial network traffic.",
   "long": "Network inspection that understands protocol structure and, for industrial traffic, can identify commands, function codes, device roles, and malformed payloads rather than looking only at IP addresses and ports.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/deep-packet-inspection/",
   "see": [
    "industrial-firewall",
    "packet-capture",
    "zones-conduits"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Determinism",
   "slug": "determinism",
   "short": "Bounded, guaranteed timing \u2014 the point of real-time networks.",
   "long": "The guarantee that communication or computation completes within a bounded time, every cycle. Distinct from speed: a deterministic 10 ms cycle beats a usually-fast-but-sometimes-100 ms one for control. Fieldbus protocols and TSN exist to provide it.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/determinism/",
   "see": [
    "tsn",
    "ethercat",
    "jitter"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Digital twin",
   "slug": "digital-twin",
   "short": "Live virtual model of an asset or process, fed by real data.",
   "long": "A live virtual representation of a physical asset or process, fed by real data and used for monitoring, simulation, prediction, or optimization. Scope ranges from a single pump model to a full plant simulation. Value depends on data quality and a defined decision the twin improves.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/digital-twin/",
   "see": [
    "iiot",
    "automationml"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "digital-twin"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Discrete manufacturing",
   "slug": "discrete-manufacturing",
   "short": "Manufacturing distinct items on lines and cells.",
   "long": "Making distinct items \u2014 cars, electronics, packaged goods \u2014 as opposed to continuous flow. PLC- and robot-heavy, organized around lines, cells, takt time, and OEE.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/discrete-manufacturing/",
   "see": [
    "continuous-process",
    "oee"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Distributed clocks",
   "slug": "distributed-clocks",
   "short": "EtherCAT's sub-microsecond node synchronization mechanism.",
   "long": "EtherCAT's mechanism for synchronizing all nodes to sub-microsecond accuracy: the first slave's clock becomes the reference and propagation delays are measured and compensated. Enables tightly coordinated multi-axis motion.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/distributed-clocks/",
   "see": [
    "ethercat",
    "determinism"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethercat"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "DNP3",
   "slug": "dnp3",
   "short": "Utility SCADA protocol for telemetry, events, and control.",
   "long": "Distributed Network Protocol 3: a telemetry and control protocol widely used in electric utility, water, and infrastructure SCADA. It supports time-stamped events, unsolicited reporting, and secure-authentication extensions.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/dnp3/",
   "see": [
    "rtu",
    "scada"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Edge gateway",
   "slug": "edge-gateway",
   "short": "Protocol-translating, buffering bridge between devices and platforms.",
   "long": "A device or software at the plant edge that translates protocols, buffers data through outages, adds context, and forwards to SCADA, brokers, or cloud. The standard answer to brownfield connectivity.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/edge-gateway/",
   "see": [
    "store-and-forward",
    "mqtt",
    "opc-ua"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "edge-computing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Electronic batch record (EBR)",
   "slug": "electronic-batch-record",
   "short": "Digital, auditable record of an executed batch.",
   "long": "An electronic batch record (EBR) captures the executed recipe, materials, equipment, operators, process values, checks, exceptions, and approvals needed to prove how a batch was made. It supports review by exception and regulated traceability.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/electronic-batch-record/",
   "see": [
    "batch-process",
    "recipe-management",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ERP",
   "slug": "erp",
   "short": "Business system for orders, inventory, and finance.",
   "long": "Enterprise resource planning: orders, inventory, procurement, finance \u2014 ISA-95 Level 4. Exchanges schedules and performance data with MES; owns business master data.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/erp/",
   "see": [
    "mes",
    "isa-95"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "EtherCAT",
   "slug": "ethercat",
   "short": "High-speed fieldbus with on-the-fly processing for motion.",
   "long": "An Ethernet fieldbus where one frame traverses every node, each reading and writing on the fly, with distributed clocks for synchronization. Sub-millisecond cycles for motion control, using dedicated slave chips and typically a PC-based master.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/ethercat/",
   "see": [
    "distributed-clocks",
    "profinet",
    "tsn"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethercat"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "EtherNet/IP",
   "slug": "ethernet-ip",
   "short": "CIP over standard Ethernet; Rockwell/ODVA ecosystem.",
   "long": "ODVA's industrial Ethernet protocol running CIP over standard TCP/IP and UDP. Dominant in North American discrete automation alongside Rockwell controllers. Uses DLR rings for redundancy and CIP Safety for functional safety.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/ethernet-ip/",
   "see": [
    "cip",
    "profinet",
    "odva"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethernet-ip"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Event frame",
   "slug": "event-frame",
   "short": "Time-bounded historian record that gives an event operational context.",
   "long": "A historian object that adds start time, end time, asset, and context to an event such as a batch, downtime, maintenance job, or alarm episode. Event frames turn raw time-series points into analyzable operational episodes.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/event-frame/",
   "see": [
    "historian",
    "oee",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Fail-safe",
   "slug": "fail-safe",
   "short": "Failure behavior that brings a process to its defined safe state.",
   "long": "A design that moves equipment to a defined safer state when power, signal, communications, or a component fails. The safe state is process-dependent: de-energize-to-trip is common, but not universally correct.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/fail-safe/",
   "see": [
    "functional-safety",
    "safety-relay",
    "safety-instrumented-function"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)",
   "slug": "fmea",
   "short": "Structured analysis of failure modes, effects, and risk controls.",
   "long": "Failure Modes and Effects Analysis: a structured review of how a product, process, or asset can fail, what causes each failure, and how severe, likely, and detectable it is. Actions reduce risk before failures reach production.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/fmea/",
   "see": [
    "root-cause-analysis",
    "asset-performance-management"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Fieldbus",
   "slug": "fieldbus",
   "short": "Digital network for distributed industrial field devices.",
   "long": "A digital industrial network connecting controllers to distributed sensors, actuators, drives, and instruments. Fieldbuses reduce point-to-point wiring and add diagnostics; examples include PROFIBUS, CANopen, DeviceNet, and Foundation Fieldbus.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/fieldbus/",
   "see": [
    "profibus",
    "canopen",
    "ethercat"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "First-pass yield (FPY)",
   "slug": "first-pass-yield",
   "short": "Share of units accepted without rework or retest.",
   "long": "The percentage of units that meet requirements the first time through a process without rework, repair, or retest. FPY exposes hidden quality cost that a final pass rate can conceal.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/first-pass-yield/",
   "see": [
    "spc",
    "nonconformance",
    "oee"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Freelance (ABB)",
   "slug": "freelance",
   "short": "ABB's compact DCS for small process applications.",
   "long": "ABB's compact DCS for smaller process applications and skids: integrated control, visualization, and trending in one engineering tool at a PLC-comparable cost profile.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/freelance/",
   "see": [
    "dcs",
    "abb-800xa"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "dcs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Functional safety",
   "slug": "functional-safety",
   "short": "Failure-tolerant design quantified by SIL ratings.",
   "long": "Engineering that keeps failures from causing harm: safety PLCs, rated sensors and actuators, and certified communication (PROFIsafe, CIP Safety, Safety over EtherCAT). Quantified by Safety Integrity Levels (SIL) per IEC 61508/62061.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/functional-safety/",
   "see": [
    "sil",
    "plc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Golden batch",
   "slug": "golden-batch",
   "short": "Known-good reference batch used to compare execution and quality.",
   "long": "A documented reference batch that met quality and process objectives under known-good conditions. Comparing later batches with its recipe execution and trajectories helps find drift, but it does not replace validated limits or statistical analysis.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/golden-batch/",
   "see": [
    "batch-process",
    "electronic-batch-record",
    "spc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "HAZOP",
   "slug": "hazop",
   "short": "Guideword-based study of process hazards and deviations.",
   "long": "Hazard and Operability Study: a facilitated, guideword-based review of process deviations such as more pressure, less flow, or reverse flow, their causes and consequences, and required safeguards.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/hazop/",
   "see": [
    "safety-instrumented-system",
    "management-of-change",
    "safety-instrumented-function"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Historian",
   "slug": "historian",
   "short": "Long-term high-resolution store for process time-series data.",
   "long": "A process historian stores high-resolution time-series data for years with compression and fast retrieval, serving trends, calculations, and analysis. Classic examples: AVEVA PI System, Proficy Historian. Distinct from SCADA trending (short-term) and from generic time-series databases (process-aware features).",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/historian/",
   "see": [
    "scada",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "HMI",
   "slug": "hmi",
   "short": "Operator interface for monitoring and controlling equipment.",
   "long": "Human-machine interface: the operator's window into the process \u2014 panels, SCADA graphics, alarming, and controls. Good HMI follows high-performance graphics principles: abnormal situations must be obvious at a glance.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/hmi/",
   "see": [
    "scada",
    "plc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "IEC 61131-3",
   "slug": "iec-61131-3",
   "short": "Standard for the five PLC programming languages.",
   "long": "The standard defining five PLC programming languages: Ladder Diagram, Function Block Diagram, Structured Text, Sequential Function Chart, and (deprecated) Instruction List. Standardizes languages, not vendor libraries or IDEs.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/iec-61131-3/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "plcopen"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "IEC 61511",
   "slug": "iec-61511",
   "short": "Process-sector lifecycle standard for safety instrumented systems.",
   "long": "IEC 61511 defines the functional-safety lifecycle for safety instrumented systems in the process sector: hazard analysis, allocation, design, verification, operation, proof testing, maintenance, and decommissioning.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/iec-61511/",
   "see": [
    "safety-instrumented-system",
    "safety-instrumented-function",
    "sil"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "IEC 62061",
   "slug": "iec-62061",
   "short": "Machinery functional-safety standard for control systems.",
   "long": "IEC 62061 specifies the functional-safety requirements and design methodology for safety-related control systems on machinery. It uses SILCL targets for safety functions and addresses architecture, reliability, validation, and software.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/iec-62061/",
   "see": [
    "functional-safety",
    "sil",
    "safety-relay"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "IEC 62443",
   "slug": "iec-62443",
   "short": "Core OT cybersecurity standard series.",
   "long": "The ISA/IEC industrial cybersecurity standard series: risk assessment, zones and conduits, component requirements, and lifecycle practices for industrial automation and control systems. The reference behind most OT security programs.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/iec-62443/",
   "see": [
    "zones-conduits",
    "ot"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "IIoT",
   "slug": "iiot",
   "short": "Networked devices and platforms for industrial operations.",
   "long": "The Industrial Internet of Things: networked sensors, gateways, platforms, and analytics connecting physical operations to software. Distinguished from consumer IoT by reliability, lifecycle, security, and integration with control systems.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/iiot/",
   "see": [
    "mqtt",
    "uns",
    "edge-gateway"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "iiot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Industrial DMZ",
   "slug": "dmz-industrial",
   "short": "Buffer segment between IT and OT networks.",
   "long": "The industrial demilitarized zone: a buffer network segment between enterprise IT and OT, hosting historians, jump hosts, update servers, and integration brokers. No direct IT-to-controller traffic crosses it.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/dmz-industrial/",
   "see": [
    "zones-conduits",
    "purdue-model"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Industrial firewall",
   "slug": "industrial-firewall",
   "short": "Firewall designed for segmented industrial network traffic.",
   "long": "A firewall designed for plant networks, with controls for zones, conduits, industrial protocols, legacy systems, and availability constraints. Rules should be based on required flows and asset roles, not on a flat list of open ports alone.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/industrial-firewall/",
   "see": [
    "zones-conduits",
    "deep-packet-inspection",
    "dmz-industrial"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Industrial wireless",
   "slug": "industrial-wireless",
   "short": "Wireless networking designed for plant devices and operations.",
   "long": "Wireless connectivity used for industrial sensing, mobility, maintenance, and control-adjacent applications, including Wi-Fi, private LTE/5G, WirelessHART, and ISA100.11a. Performance, roaming, interference, and safety requirements determine the fit.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/industrial-wireless/",
   "see": [
    "iiot",
    "edge-gateway",
    "determinism"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Information model",
   "slug": "information-model",
   "short": "OPC UA's structured, browsable description of assets.",
   "long": "In OPC UA, the structured description of assets as objects, variables, methods, and references with types and semantics \u2014 what lets a client browse an unknown server and understand it. Companion specs extend the base model into domains.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/information-model/",
   "see": [
    "opc-ua",
    "companion-spec"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ISA-101",
   "slug": "isa-101",
   "short": "Lifecycle and design guidance for industrial HMIs.",
   "long": "ISA-101 provides guidance for human-machine interface lifecycle management and design in process automation. It covers philosophy, hierarchy, navigation, display design, usability, and maintaining the HMI as the process changes.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/isa-101/",
   "see": [
    "hmi",
    "alarm-management",
    "scada"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ISA-18.2",
   "slug": "isa-18-2",
   "short": "Standard lifecycle for rational, actionable process alarms.",
   "long": "ISA-18.2, the process-industry alarm management standard, defines a lifecycle from identification and rationalization through design, implementation, operation, monitoring, maintenance, and change. It emphasizes alarms that require a timely operator response.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/isa-18-2/",
   "see": [
    "alarm-management",
    "hmi",
    "scada"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ISA-88",
   "slug": "isa-88",
   "short": "Standard for batch control models and recipes.",
   "long": "The batch control standard: models for recipes, units, and procedures (physical model, procedural model, recipes). Implemented by DCS batch managers and batch-capable MES.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/isa-88/",
   "see": [
    "batch-process",
    "isa-95"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ISA-95",
   "slug": "isa-95",
   "short": "Standard vocabulary for ERP/MES integration.",
   "long": "The enterprise\u2013control integration standard (IEC 62264): level model (0\u20134), object models for equipment/material/personnel, and B2MML exchange schemas between ERP and MES.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/isa-95/",
   "see": [
    "mes",
    "erp",
    "mes-integration"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ISO 10218",
   "slug": "iso-10218",
   "short": "Safety requirements for industrial robots and robot systems.",
   "long": "ISO 10218 specifies safety requirements for industrial robot systems and their integration, including safeguarding, modes, stopping, and validation. It applies to robot applications, not just the arm hardware.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/iso-10218/",
   "see": [
    "robotics",
    "cobot",
    "functional-safety"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "robotics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ISO 13849",
   "slug": "iso-13849",
   "short": "Machinery safety-control methodology based on Performance Level.",
   "long": "ISO 13849-1 provides a methodology for designing safety-related parts of control systems and rating their achieved Performance Level (PL a\u2013e). It considers architecture, diagnostics, component reliability, and common-cause failure.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/iso-13849/",
   "see": [
    "functional-safety",
    "safety-relay",
    "sil"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "IT/OT convergence",
   "slug": "it-ot-convergence",
   "short": "Merging of IT and OT systems and organizations.",
   "long": "The merging of information technology and operational technology networks, data, and organizations \u2014 shared infrastructure, unified identity, and combined analytics. Creates efficiency and expands the attack surface, which is why segmentation and joint governance come with it.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/it-ot-convergence/",
   "see": [
    "ot",
    "zones-conduits"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Jitter",
   "slug": "jitter",
   "short": "Cycle-to-cycle latency variation; the enemy of control loops.",
   "long": "Variation in latency from cycle to cycle. Control loops tolerate constant delay far better than jitter; real-time networks are engineered to bound it, often to microseconds.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/jitter/",
   "see": [
    "determinism",
    "tsn"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Kepware",
   "slug": "kepware",
   "short": "Multi-protocol connectivity server, now part of Velotic.",
   "long": "Industrial connectivity software exposing hundreds of device and PLC protocols through OPC UA, MQTT, and other northbound interfaces. Originally by PTC, now part of Velotic alongside Proficy and ThingWorx.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/kepware/",
   "see": [
    "opc-ua",
    "edge-gateway",
    "velotic"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Lockout/tagout (LOTO)",
   "slug": "lockout-tagout",
   "short": "Energy-isolation procedure for safe equipment servicing.",
   "long": "LOTO: a procedure that isolates hazardous energy, locks and tags the isolation points, verifies zero energy, and controls re-energization before servicing equipment. It covers electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, thermal, and stored energy.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/lockout-tagout/",
   "see": [
    "functional-safety",
    "permit-to-work"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Lot traceability",
   "slug": "lot-traceability",
   "short": "Tracing a material lot through inputs, production, and destinations.",
   "long": "The ability to trace a material or product lot backward to inputs, equipment, conditions, and suppliers and forward to the orders or customers that received it. It supports containment, recall, quality investigation, and compliance.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/lot-traceability/",
   "see": [
    "genealogy",
    "mes",
    "electronic-batch-record"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Machine vision",
   "slug": "machine-vision",
   "short": "Camera-based inspection, measurement, identification, or guidance.",
   "long": "Using cameras, optics, lighting, and image-processing or AI models to inspect parts, guide robots, read codes, measure geometry, or detect defects. Reliable deployments control lighting, fixturing, and acceptance thresholds.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/machine-vision/",
   "see": [
    "robotics",
    "first-pass-yield",
    "traceability"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "robotics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Management of change (MOC)",
   "slug": "management-of-change",
   "short": "Controlled review and approval process for operational changes.",
   "long": "MOC: a formal process for evaluating, approving, implementing, documenting, and communicating changes to equipment, logic, procedures, software, materials, or organization before they affect operations or safety.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/management-of-change/",
   "see": [
    "iec-61511",
    "hazop",
    "functional-safety"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Mean time between failures (MTBF)",
   "slug": "mean-time-between-failures",
   "short": "Average operating time between failures of a repairable asset.",
   "long": "MTBF: average operating time between inherent failures of a repairable asset under stated conditions. It is a statistical reliability measure, not a guaranteed service interval and not the same as uptime percentage.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/mean-time-between-failures/",
   "see": [
    "mean-time-to-repair",
    "asset-performance-management",
    "cmms"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Mean time to repair (MTTR)",
   "slug": "mean-time-to-repair",
   "short": "Average time required to restore equipment after failure.",
   "long": "MTTR: average time to restore a failed asset to service, including diagnosis, access, repair, testing, and restart according to the chosen measurement boundary. Clear definitions matter when comparing teams or plants.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/mean-time-to-repair/",
   "see": [
    "mean-time-between-failures",
    "cmms",
    "oee"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "MES",
   "slug": "mes",
   "short": "Operations management: orders, genealogy, quality, OEE.",
   "long": "Manufacturing execution systems manage shop-floor operations: scheduling, dispatch, genealogy, quality, and OEE. They sit between ERP (Level 4) and control (Levels 0\u20132), attaching production context \u2014 lots, orders, serial numbers \u2014 to raw process data.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/mes/",
   "see": [
    "erp",
    "isa-95",
    "scada"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "MES integration",
   "slug": "mes-integration",
   "short": "The ERP/MES interface discipline.",
   "long": "Shorthand for the interface layer between operations and business systems: tag-to-lot context mapping, B2MML or API exchanges, and master-data alignment between MES and ERP.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/mes-integration/",
   "see": [
    "isa-95",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Modbus",
   "slug": "modbus",
   "short": "Simple register protocol; RTU on serial, TCP on Ethernet.",
   "long": "The ubiquitous master/slave protocol from 1979: simple register reads and writes over serial (RTU) or Ethernet (TCP, port 502). No discovery, browsing, or security \u2014 and present on nearly every PLC, drive, and meter.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/modbus/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "opc-ua"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "modbus"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Motion control",
   "slug": "motion-control",
   "short": "Coordinated servo control for positioning and robotics.",
   "long": "Coordinated control of position, velocity, and torque across servo axes: point-to-point moves, electronic gearing and camming, and multi-axis interpolation for robotics and CNC.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/motion-control/",
   "see": [
    "ethercat",
    "plcopen"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "motion-control"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "MQTT",
   "slug": "mqtt",
   "short": "Lightweight pub/sub transport for telemetry and events.",
   "long": "A lightweight publish/subscribe messaging protocol (OASIS standard): clients publish to topic strings on a broker, subscribers receive matching messages. Features QoS levels, retained messages, persistent sessions, and Last Will. Defines transport only \u2014 topic structure and payloads come from conventions like Sparkplug.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/mqtt/",
   "see": [
    "sparkplug-b",
    "uns",
    "qos"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mqtt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "MTConnect",
   "slug": "mtconnect",
   "short": "Open read-only standard for CNC machine data.",
   "long": "The open, read-only standard for machine-tool data: adapters talk controller protocols, agents serve normalized XML over HTTP (probe/current/sample). Covers execution state, positions, loads, and assets like cutting tools.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/mtconnect/",
   "see": [
    "cnc",
    "opc-ua"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "cnc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Nonconformance",
   "slug": "nonconformance",
   "short": "Documented failure to meet a specified requirement.",
   "long": "A product, process, material, or record that fails a specified requirement. A nonconformance record captures containment, disposition, investigation, root cause, and corrective action rather than quietly filtering out the bad result.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/nonconformance/",
   "see": [
    "first-pass-yield",
    "root-cause-analysis",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ODVA",
   "slug": "odva",
   "short": "Standards body for CIP and EtherNet/IP.",
   "long": "The standards organization behind CIP, EtherNet/IP, DeviceNet, and related technologies, including conformance testing for multi-vendor interoperability.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/odva/",
   "see": [
    "cip",
    "ethernet-ip"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethernet-ip"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "OEE",
   "slug": "oee",
   "short": "Availability \u00d7 performance \u00d7 quality.",
   "long": "Overall equipment effectiveness: availability \u00d7 performance \u00d7 quality. The standard rollup of how much good product an asset made versus its theoretical maximum. Simple to define, easy to game \u2014 agree on the loss categories first.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/oee/",
   "see": [
    "mes",
    "cmms"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "OPC UA",
   "slug": "opc-ua",
   "short": "Industrial interoperability framework: modeling, PubSub, security.",
   "long": "OPC Unified Architecture: a platform-independent interoperability framework with an extensible information model, client/server services, alarms, historical access, PubSub, and built-in X.509 security. Companion specifications extend it into industries from robotics to process automation.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/opc-ua/",
   "see": [
    "companion-spec",
    "information-model",
    "mqtt"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "OPC UA FX",
   "slug": "opc-ua-fx",
   "short": "OPC UA field-level communication and controller interoperability.",
   "long": "OPC UA Field eXchange: OPC Foundation specifications for controller-to-controller and controller-to-device field communication, including discovery, configuration, information modeling, and time-sensitive transport profiles.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/opc-ua-fx/",
   "see": [
    "opc-ua",
    "opc-ua-pubsub",
    "tsn"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "OPC UA PubSub",
   "slug": "opc-ua-pubsub",
   "short": "OPC UA's scalable publish/subscribe communication model.",
   "long": "OPC UA Publish-Subscribe: a connection-oriented or connectionless OPC UA communication model for one-to-many and many-to-many distribution. UDP with UADP or MQTT/AMQP mappings can serve different scale, routing, and timing needs.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/opc-ua-pubsub/",
   "see": [
    "opc-ua",
    "mqtt",
    "tsn"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "OPCTurkey",
   "slug": "opcturkey",
   "short": "Kepware's official distributor and OPC services in T\u00fcrkiye.",
   "long": "OPCTurkey: the T\u00fcrkiye-focused OPC resource and Kepware's official distributor in the region, providing OPC project, sales, and technical support services.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/opcturkey/",
   "see": [
    "opc-ua",
    "kepware"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "OT",
   "slug": "ot",
   "short": "Hardware/software that monitors and controls physical processes.",
   "long": "Operational technology: the hardware and software that monitor and control physical processes \u2014 controllers, SCADA, field devices, and their networks. Contrasted with IT (business systems); the two increasingly converge.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/ot/",
   "see": [
    "it-ot-convergence",
    "iec-62443",
    "scada"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Packet capture",
   "slug": "packet-capture",
   "short": "Recorded network traffic used for OT troubleshooting and investigation.",
   "long": "A recorded view of network packets used to troubleshoot timing, protocol errors, unexpected connections, and device behavior. In OT, capture carefully because collection points, retention, and active troubleshooting must respect fragile or safety-critical systems.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/packet-capture/",
   "see": [
    "deep-packet-inspection",
    "industrial-firewall",
    "ot"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Permit to work",
   "slug": "permit-to-work",
   "short": "Formal authorization and controls for hazardous work.",
   "long": "A controlled authorization for hazardous work that identifies the job, hazards, isolations, precautions, responsible people, time window, and handback conditions. It coordinates operations, maintenance, and contractors.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/permit-to-work/",
   "see": [
    "lockout-tagout",
    "management-of-change"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "PID loop",
   "slug": "pid-loop",
   "short": "The standard feedback control algorithm.",
   "long": "Proportional-integral-derivative control: the workhorse feedback algorithm adjusting an output from the error between setpoint and measurement. Tuning (manual, Ziegler\u2013Nichols, or software-assisted) decides stability and response.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/pid-loop/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "dcs"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "PLC",
   "slug": "plc",
   "short": "Rugged deterministic controller running scan-cycle logic.",
   "long": "Programmable logic controller: a ruggedized computer executing deterministic scan cycles \u2014 read inputs, run logic, write outputs \u2014 typically programmed in IEC 61131-3 languages. The default controller for discrete automation and small process skids.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/plc/",
   "see": [
    "iec-61131-3",
    "dcs",
    "rtu"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "PLCopen",
   "slug": "plcopen",
   "short": "Standard PLC libraries for motion and safety.",
   "long": "The organization standardizing reusable PLC software: motion control function blocks, safety, and coding guidelines across IEC 61131-3 platforms.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/plcopen/",
   "see": [
    "iec-61131-3",
    "motion-control"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Predictive maintenance",
   "slug": "predictive-maintenance",
   "short": "Maintenance scheduled from evidence of changing failure risk.",
   "long": "Maintenance triggered by evidence that an asset's condition or failure risk is changing, using rules, models, or statistical trends. Prediction is useful only when it leads to a feasible intervention before the consequence occurs.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/predictive-maintenance/",
   "see": [
    "condition-monitoring",
    "asset-performance-management",
    "cmms"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Production genealogy",
   "slug": "genealogy",
   "short": "Detailed history linking a product to its materials and process execution.",
   "long": "Production genealogy links a finished unit, lot, or batch to the materials, components, process steps, equipment, measurements, operators, and rework that created it. It is the detailed production-history layer behind traceability.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/genealogy/",
   "see": [
    "traceability",
    "lot-traceability",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "PROFIBUS",
   "slug": "profibus",
   "short": "Established PI fieldbus family for factory and process devices.",
   "long": "PROFIBUS is a family of digital fieldbus protocols from PI, including DP for factory automation and PA for process instruments. It provides cyclic data, diagnostics, and device profiles over established physical layers.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/profibus/",
   "see": [
    "profinet",
    "fieldbus",
    "functional-safety"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "PROFINET",
   "slug": "profinet",
   "short": "Real-time industrial Ethernet from PI (RT and IRT).",
   "long": "PROFIBUS & PROFINET International's industrial Ethernet: RT over standard switches for millisecond control, IRT with scheduled hardware-assisted cycles for motion. Conformance classes A\u2013D describe device capability; PROFIdrive, PROFIenergy, and PROFIsafe extend it.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/profinet/",
   "see": [
    "tsn",
    "ethernet-ip",
    "functional-safety"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "profinet"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Purdue model",
   "slug": "purdue-model",
   "short": "IT/OT layering model underlying segmentation design.",
   "long": "The reference layering enterprise (Level 4\u20135) through operations (Level 3), supervision (Level 2), control (Level 1), and physical process (Level 0), with a DMZ between IT and OT. A starting sketch for segmentation, per ISA-95 concepts.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/purdue-model/",
   "see": [
    "isa-95",
    "dmz-industrial",
    "zones-conduits"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "QoS (MQTT)",
   "slug": "qos",
   "short": "MQTT delivery guarantees: 0, 1, or 2.",
   "long": "MQTT quality of service: QoS 0 (at most once), QoS 1 (at least once, may duplicate), QoS 2 (exactly once). Negotiated per hop and capped by the subscription \u2014 publishing high to a low-QoS subscriber still delivers at most once.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/qos/",
   "see": [
    "mqtt",
    "sparkplug-b"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mqtt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Recipe management",
   "slug": "recipe-management",
   "short": "Controlled versioning and execution of production instructions.",
   "long": "The controlled definition, versioning, approval, selection, and execution of production recipes: parameters, materials, equipment requirements, steps, limits, and permissions. It prevents ad hoc operator edits from becoming invisible process changes.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/recipe-management/",
   "see": [
    "isa-88",
    "batch-process",
    "electronic-batch-record"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Redundancy",
   "slug": "redundancy",
   "short": "Duplicate or alternate capacity that tolerates a single failure.",
   "long": "Using duplicate or alternate components, paths, or services so one failure does not stop the required function. OT redundancy must consider common-cause failures, switchover behavior, synchronization, testing, and the process safe state.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/redundancy/",
   "see": [
    "dcs",
    "ethercat",
    "functional-safety"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Remote I/O",
   "slug": "remote-i-o",
   "short": "Distributed I/O connected to a controller over an industrial network.",
   "long": "Input/output modules installed near field devices and linked to a controller over an industrial network. Remote I/O reduces cabinet wiring and can provide diagnostics, isolation, and modular expansion, but network and power design remain critical.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/remote-i-o/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "fieldbus",
    "profinet"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Robotics",
   "slug": "robotics",
   "short": "Industrial, collaborative, and mobile robots.",
   "long": "Industrial robots (articulated arms, SCARA, delta, gantry), collaborative robots, and mobile robots, plus their controllers, software (increasingly ROS 2-based), and safety systems.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/robotics/",
   "see": [
    "ros",
    "cobot",
    "amr"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "robotics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Root-cause analysis (RCA)",
   "slug": "root-cause-analysis",
   "short": "Evidence-based investigation of why a problem recurred.",
   "long": "A structured investigation that separates symptoms from underlying causes and verifies why a failure or defect occurred. Useful RCA tests corrective actions against recurrence instead of stopping at operator error or the first plausible explanation.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/root-cause-analysis/",
   "see": [
    "fmea",
    "nonconformance",
    "predictive-maintenance"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ROS",
   "slug": "ros",
   "short": "Open framework for robot software, now DDS-based.",
   "long": "The Robot Operating System: middleware, drivers, navigation (Nav2), manipulation (MoveIt 2), and simulation for robots. ROS 2 uses DDS transport with QoS, lifecycle nodes, and real-time profiles; ROS-Industrial adapts it to factory robots.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/ros/",
   "see": [
    "dds",
    "robotics",
    "amr"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "robotics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "RTU",
   "slug": "rtu",
   "short": "Rugged controller for distributed infrastructure assets.",
   "long": "Remote terminal unit: a rugged controller for geographically distributed assets (pipelines, water, utilities), typically speaking DNP3, Modbus, or IEC 60870 and reporting to SCADA over radio, cellular, or serial links.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/rtu/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "scada",
    "modbus"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Safety instrumented function (SIF)",
   "slug": "safety-instrumented-function",
   "short": "One defined protective action with a target safety integrity.",
   "long": "A safety instrumented function (SIF) is a specific protective action \u2014 for example, high pressure causes a valve to close \u2014 with defined sensors, logic solver, final elements, response time, proof-test strategy, and required SIL.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/safety-instrumented-function/",
   "see": [
    "safety-instrumented-system",
    "sil",
    "iec-61511"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Safety instrumented system (SIS)",
   "slug": "safety-instrumented-system",
   "short": "Independent protective system that detects hazards and trips safely.",
   "long": "A safety instrumented system (SIS) uses sensors, a safety logic solver, and final elements to detect hazardous conditions and drive the process to a safe state. One SIS can implement multiple independent safety instrumented functions.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/safety-instrumented-system/",
   "see": [
    "safety-instrumented-function",
    "iec-61511",
    "sil"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Safety relay",
   "slug": "safety-relay",
   "short": "Safety-rated relay module for small protective circuits.",
   "long": "A safety-rated relay or relay module monitors devices such as emergency stops, guard switches, and light curtains, detects defined faults, and switches outputs with redundant, monitored contacts. It is simpler than a safety PLC for small applications.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/safety-relay/",
   "see": [
    "functional-safety",
    "iso-13849",
    "iec-62061"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "SCADA",
   "slug": "scada",
   "short": "Live supervision, alarming, and operator control.",
   "long": "Supervisory control and data acquisition: live visualization, alarming, operator control, and short-term trending over controllers and field devices. Time horizon is now \u2014 seconds to shifts \u2014 with history handed to historians and production context to MES.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/scada/",
   "see": [
    "hmi",
    "historian",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Security information and event management (SIEM)",
   "slug": "siem",
   "short": "Centralized security-log correlation and alerting platform.",
   "long": "Security information and event management: a platform that collects, normalizes, correlates, retains, and alerts on security logs. OT deployments must account for passive collection, low-bandwidth links, long-lived assets, and the meaning of industrial events.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/siem/",
   "see": [
    "ot",
    "industrial-firewall",
    "zones-conduits"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Sequence of events (SOE)",
   "slug": "sequence-of-events",
   "short": "High-resolution timestamped record of discrete state changes.",
   "long": "SOE records discrete state changes with timestamps taken as close to the source as possible, often at millisecond resolution. It helps reconstruct trips, interlocks, and causal order when ordinary SCADA polling is too slow.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/sequence-of-events/",
   "see": [
    "scada",
    "historian",
    "dnp3"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "SIL",
   "slug": "sil",
   "short": "Quantified reliability target for safety functions.",
   "long": "Safety Integrity Level (1\u20134): the quantified reliability target for a safety function per IEC 61508/62061. Higher SIL means lower tolerable probability of dangerous failure \u2014 and stricter development and verification demands.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/sil/",
   "see": [
    "functional-safety",
    "plc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Sparkplug B",
   "slug": "sparkplug-b",
   "short": "MQTT namespace + payload + state spec for OT.",
   "long": "The Eclipse specification turning MQTT into a plug-and-play OT fabric: a fixed topic namespace (group/message-type/edge-node/device), protobuf payloads, and birth/death session semantics giving state awareness without polling.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/sparkplug-b/",
   "see": [
    "mqtt",
    "uns",
    "birth-certificate"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "sparkplug-b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Statistical process control (SPC)",
   "slug": "spc",
   "short": "Statistical monitoring of process variation and stability.",
   "long": "Statistical process control uses control charts and process data to distinguish common-cause variation from special-cause signals. It monitors process stability and capability; it is not simply a final inspection pass/fail test.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/spc/",
   "see": [
    "first-pass-yield",
    "nonconformance",
    "golden-batch"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Store and forward",
   "slug": "store-and-forward",
   "short": "Buffering through outages, replaying on recovery.",
   "long": "Buffering data locally through connectivity outages and replaying it in order on recovery. Implemented in edge gateways, MQTT persistent sessions, and historian collectors; sized by the longest plausible outage.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/store-and-forward/",
   "see": [
    "mqtt",
    "edge-gateway",
    "birth-certificate"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "edge-computing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Structured Text (ST)",
   "slug": "structured-text",
   "short": "Text-based IEC 61131-3 language for PLC logic and algorithms.",
   "long": "IEC 61131-3's Pascal-like, text-based PLC language for expressions, calculations, state machines, data structures, and reusable functions. It is powerful for algorithms, while Ladder and Function Block Diagram often remain clearer for maintenance teams.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/structured-text/",
   "see": [
    "iec-61131-3",
    "plc",
    "plcopen"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Takt time",
   "slug": "takt-time",
   "short": "Required production rhythm set by available time and demand.",
   "long": "The available production time divided by customer demand for that period. Takt is the required rhythm, not the actual cycle time; comparing them reveals capacity gaps, bottlenecks, and balancing opportunities.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/takt-time/",
   "see": [
    "cycle-time",
    "oee",
    "andon-system"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Topic namespace",
   "slug": "topic-namespace",
   "short": "Governed MQTT topic hierarchy.",
   "long": "The governed topic hierarchy of an MQTT deployment or UNS \u2014 naming conventions, schema rules, and lifecycle management that keep one broker understandable at enterprise scale.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/topic-namespace/",
   "see": [
    "mqtt",
    "uns",
    "sparkplug-b"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mqtt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Total productive maintenance (TPM)",
   "slug": "total-productive-maintenance",
   "short": "Operator-involved maintenance system focused on eliminating losses.",
   "long": "TPM is a company-wide maintenance approach that involves operators and specialists in asset care, planned maintenance, focused improvement, training, and loss elimination. It aims for reliable production rather than separating maintenance from operations.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/total-productive-maintenance/",
   "see": [
    "oee",
    "cmms",
    "condition-monitoring"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Traceability",
   "slug": "traceability",
   "short": "Linking products to their materials, process history, and disposition.",
   "long": "The ability to associate a unit, serial number, lot, or batch with its materials, process history, equipment, measurements, operators, and disposition. Traceability can be forward, backward, or both.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/traceability/",
   "see": [
    "lot-traceability",
    "genealogy",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "TSN",
   "slug": "tsn",
   "short": "Deterministic extensions to standard Ethernet.",
   "long": "Time-Sensitive Networking: IEEE 802.1 standards (time sync, scheduled traffic, preemption, reservation, redundancy) bringing deterministic, converged networking to standard Ethernet. The shared foundation for next-generation PROFINET, EtherNet/IP, and OPC UA FX deployments.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/tsn/",
   "see": [
    "determinism",
    "profinet",
    "ethernet-ip"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "tsn"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Unified namespace",
   "slug": "uns",
   "short": "One broker hierarchy as the enterprise integration point.",
   "long": "Unified namespace: an architecture with a single MQTT broker hierarchy as the enterprise integration point \u2014 producers publish once, consumers subscribe independently. Requires governed topics (usually Sparkplug for OT) and schema discipline.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/uns/",
   "see": [
    "mqtt",
    "sparkplug-b",
    "topic-namespace"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "iiot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Velotic",
   "slug": "velotic",
   "short": "Industrial software company: Proficy + Kepware + ThingWorx.",
   "long": "Independent industrial software company (formed 2026) combining the former Proficy (GE Vernova), Kepware, and ThingWorx (PTC) portfolios around industrial connectivity, production management, and analytics.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/velotic/",
   "see": [
    "kepware",
    "historian",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "vendors"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "VFD",
   "slug": "vfd",
   "short": "Drive controlling AC motor speed via output frequency.",
   "long": "Variable-frequency drive (variable-speed drive, inverter): controls AC motor speed and torque by varying output frequency. A major energy-efficiency lever and a common Modbus/EtherNet/IP node.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/vfd/",
   "see": [
    "motion-control",
    "modbus"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "motion-control"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Vibration monitoring",
   "slug": "vibration-monitoring",
   "short": "Vibration-based health monitoring for rotating equipment.",
   "long": "Measuring vibration amplitude and frequency content on rotating or reciprocating equipment to identify imbalance, misalignment, looseness, bearing defects, resonance, or gear problems. Sensor placement and operating speed affect interpretation.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/vibration-monitoring/",
   "see": [
    "condition-monitoring",
    "predictive-maintenance",
    "asset-performance-management"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Work in process (WIP)",
   "slug": "work-in-process",
   "short": "Material currently moving through production but not yet finished.",
   "long": "WIP is material or product that has entered production but is not yet finished and released. Its quantity, location, status, and age affect throughput, lead time, inventory, and genealogy.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/work-in-process/",
   "see": [
    "mes",
    "lot-traceability",
    "oee"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Zero trust for OT",
   "slug": "zero-trust-ot",
   "short": "Identity- and policy-based access model for segmented OT environments.",
   "long": "An OT security approach that grants no implicit trust based only on network location. Every access request is evaluated against identity, device, application, policy, and context while preserving safety, availability, and deterministic control requirements.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/zero-trust-ot/",
   "see": [
    "iec-62443",
    "zones-conduits",
    "dmz-industrial"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Zones and conduits",
   "slug": "zones-conduits",
   "short": "Segment assets; control every path between segments.",
   "long": "The IEC 62443 practice of grouping assets into zones by risk and function, with every inter-zone path an explicitly controlled conduit (firewall, diode, brokered connection). The core discipline of OT network segmentation.",
   "url": "https://shopfloor.space/glossary/zones-conduits/",
   "see": [
    "iec-62443",
    "dmz-industrial",
    "purdue-model"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  }
 ]
}