Takt time vs cycle time vs lead time: calculate the right clock
A worked shift example separates customer pace, observed process speed and end-to-end delivery time, with practical checks before changing the line.
Process capability
Comparison of process spread and centering against engineering specification limits.
Two-sided width and centered indices use specification limits, mean and a justified variation estimate. In Shopfloor’s convention, within-subgroup estimates produce Cp/Cpk and overall sample spread produces Pp/Ppk. Interpretation needs stable representative data, an adequate measurement system and suitable distribution assumptions. Try the capability calculator and read the index comparison.
See also: Statistical process control (SPC) · Specification limits · Rational subgroup
Use the concept: Cp, Cpk, Pp & Ppk calculator · Automation ROI & payback calculator · Downtime cost calculator
In depth
SMED changeover study: measure last good to first good
Use a time observation sheet to separate internal and external work, preserve safe setup steps, and verify a repeatable changeover improvement.
Automation ROI and payback: a business case operations can verify
Separate installed cost, cash savings, released capacity and recurring expenses, then test a conservative scenario before approving automation.